How do different glazing types affect the thermal insulation performance of a glass facade?

Glazing types directly affect thermal insulation performance by influencing heat transfer, solar gain, and indoor comfort. Single glazing provides poor insulation and is rarely used in commercial buildings. Double-glazed units (DGUs) improve insulation by creating an air or gas layer between two glass panes. Triple glazing offers even better insulation, ideal for cold climates. Low-E coatings reduce infrared heat transfer, lowering cooling and heating loads. Laminated glass improves UV filtering but may require pairing with IGUs for optimal insulation. Gas fillings such as argon or krypton reduce conductivity. Warm-edge spacers minimize thermal bridging along IGU edges. The final thermal performance depends on the correct combination of glazing type, gas filling, coating, and frame selection.